Beginner Lab 1 - Unix, the Shell, OSS

Welcome to the first lab! Here are some commands you might find helpful: cat, cd, emacs, file, grep, less, ls, man, nano, tar, wget, vim

Remember: Google and man are your friends!

Shell spelunking

Everything should be done via the shell!

The purpose of this lab is to get you comfortable with using the shell for things you might typically use a GUI for. While these tasks may seem simplistic or limited, you’ll quickly find that the commands have many different options (flags) to perform tasks that are either impossible or incredibly tedious / difficult to complete using traditional methods.

  1. ssh into tsunami.ocf.berkeley.edu using your OCF account, or login at ssh.ocf.berkeley.edu

  2. Run the following command to download the file we have provided: wget https://decal.ocf.berkeley.edu/static/b1/b01.tgz

    A .tgz file is actually a composition of two file formats. Sometimes you’ll see these files as .tar.gz instead. A common (and old) way of archiving is with magnetic tapes. However, in order to archive the data, it needs to be a single file, and often you want to archive multiple files at once. This is where the tar command comes in (tar stands for tape archive). Tar will group (or ungroup) multiple files into a single one.

    tar, unless you ask it to, doesn’t compress files itself though. This is where either gzip (or bzip2) comes in. gzip will compress your file, and so, tar + gzip is often used in conjunction. It looks something like this: file --(tar)--> file.tar --(gzip)--> file.tar.gz.

    If you read the tar documentation carefully enough, you’ll see that you can give the command an option to compress your files using gzip as well, saving you a total of one line of shell command!

    To unarchive the file we provide you, run the following command: tar xvzf b01.tgz. This will provide a b01 directory for you with some files for the rest of this lab.

    tar has a reputation for being a bit tricky with its options: XKCD 1168

  3. Go into the b01 directory. Make sure you’re in there by running pwd (Present working directory). What does pwd give you?

  4. There’s a hidden file in the b01 directory. What is the secret?

  5. A malicious user made its way into my computer and created a message split across all the files in nonsense/. What does it say? (Hint: xargs and ls will be helpful here.)

  6. Go ahead and delete everything in nonsense/ with one command. How did you do it?

  7. There’s a file in b01 called big_data.txt. It’s 80 megabytes worth of random text. For reference, Leo Tolstoy’s “War and Peace”, the novel with a whopping 57,287 words depicting the French invasion of Russia and the impact of the Napoleonic era on Tsarist society through the stories of five Russian aristocratic families with several chapters solely dedicated to philosophical prose, is only 3.2 megabytes large.

    For that reason, I don’t recommend using cat to print the file. You can try it, but you’ll be sitting there for a while. There’s some text you need to find in there! Go find it without actually opening up the file itself! (Hint: It’s a url)

    Two lines above the URL is a secret solution. What is that solution? Hint for this one: “Context Line Control”

  8. Try executing ./a_script. You should get something back that says permission denied: ./a_script. This is because files have three different permissions: read, write, and execute. Which one does a_script need? Change the file permissions so that you can run the script.

  9. Finally, there’s an empty file called hello_world in the directory. Write your name in it!

  10. Finally, remember to submit your answers to Gradescope. There’s some other questions you’ll have to answer and some feedback we’d like you to fill out!

General Questions

Answer these questions on Gradescope. The assignment should be up already. If you haven’t been added to the class yet, let a head facilator know!

Feel free to use Google and work in a terminal (where applicable) to verify your conjectures.

  1. What differentiates Linux/OSX from operating systems like Windows?

  2. What are some differences between the command line and normal (graphical) usage of an OS?

  3. What is the root directory in Linux filesystems?

  4. I want ls to do the following for me: Give me extra information such as file permissions, owner, group, size, and late date edited. In addition, I want to be able to see the size and have the files ordered by last date edited, with the oldest files on top. How would I do this?

  5. Instead of showing the first 10 lines of the file big_data.txt, I want head to show the first 4. How would I do that?

  6. What’s the difference between cat foo > out.txt and cat foo >> out.txt?

Culture Questions

Next are some cultural questions about Linux and Open Source Software.

  1. Briefly, what is the difference between permissive and copyleft licenses?

  2. Give an example of a permissive license.

  3. Give an example of (a) open-source software and (b) free, but closed-source software that you use.